-TO TAKE THE BULL BY THE HORNS-
As a result of my
search on the idiom “to take the bull by the horns”, I found out one meaning,
which is acceptable to almost all sources concerning this phrase.
Taking a bull by its
horns is not only the most direct but also the most dangerous way to try to
compete with such an animal. However, when we use the phrase in everday talk,
we mean that the person we are talking about “deals with a difficult situation
or problem in a quick, confident, and determined way” ( Longman American Idioms
Dictionary ). The etymology of this idiom is based on the idea that holding a
bull (=male cow) by its horns is a brave and direct action ( www.idioms.thefreedictionary.com
).
-
Sarah
realized that negotiations would get nowhere unless she took the bull by the
horns ( Longman American Idioms Dictionary ).
-
There
is no use waiting any longer, lets take the bull by the horns, go directly to
this office and state our demands ( English Idioms and Idiomatic Usage ).
When I searched for
the origin of the idiom “to take the bull by the horns”, I learned that in the
“Encyclopedia of Word and Phrase Origins” by Robert Hendrickson ( Facts on
File, New York, 1997 ), he guesses that the expression originated in Spain or America. He says that “since the
earliest quotation yet found for this expression is 1873, it seems unlikely
that it has its roots in bull-running, a brutal English sport popular from the
day of King John until it was outlawed in the mid-19th century.” A
more likely origin is that “in bullfights Spanish banderilleros plant darts in
the neck of the bull and tire him more by waving cloaks and seizing him by the
horns, trying to hold his head down. Early ranchers in the American Southwest
also wrestled bulls, or steers in a popular sport called bulldogging that is
still seen in rodeos” ( www.phrase.org.uk )
BIBLIOGRAPHY
-
Longman
American Idioms Dictionary. 2004 Forth
Impression, 2004. p. 42
-
http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/take+the+bull+by+the+horns
( cited on 02.03.07 )
-
Whitford,
Rold C. Dixon,
Robert J.- English Idioms and Idiomatic Usage. Eğitim Yayınları. İstanbul,
1983. p. 199
-
http://www.phrases.org.uk/bulletin_board/27/messages/206.html
( cited on 02.03.07)
Intermediate basic english practice
intermediate basic english practice
Town
Twilight
I was walking.
The sun was shining. I couldnt see anything but a few vultures. It was too
much hot for me. I lost my way and was looking for my parents. I couldnt
decide where I was. It was a deserted place. There were mountains, bushes and
of course vultures. Afterwards, I saw a town about one kilometre away. Then I
saw the towns name on a sign post.
I entered the
town. All buildings were two-floored with large gardens. Green was the colour
of the town. You could see lots of trees and flowers everywhere.
While I was
walking through a large street, a nice blonde girl came close, and smiled.
“Hello! Who are
you? ?
“I havent seen
you before! ?
“Hello! Im lost
and Im looking for my parents. I need to telephone. ? I replied.
“Let me introduce
myself. My name is Trinity and yours? ?
“Alim, Alim
BAYTEKİN ?,
“Will you help
me? ?
“Of course, but
we have no telephone ? she said.
“What? How can
you communicate? ? I asked.
“We dont need to
communicate and stop asking questions. ?
“Let me show you
our towns beautiful places, Alim ? she said.
“O.K. ?.
Trinity took me
to her school. While we were walking through the schools corridors everbody
was looking at us. In fact, they were looking at me. There were no other
buildings. There was a big garden. You could see green colour everywhere again.
The building was an old one. It seemed to me like a hounted house. There were
about one hundred students.
The classes
werent very big. You could see different colours in the classes. Yellow, pink,
red, blue were the most common colours there. There were five classes and in
each class, there were about twenty students, ten girls, ten boys. Trinity was
talking to the teachers while I was looking around. They were looking at me
when I was in front of class C. I found Trinitys name on the list but there
wasnt any surname. Even the teacher had no surname on the list.
The bell rang.
All of students went it. I got in the class C with Trinity. She was smiling
when we sat on a desk. The lesson was Biology everybody had frogs with them.
Trinity also had a frog. We cut it. We examined the internal organs of it. The
teacher was also smiling when I looked at her once. It was a nice lesson.
Everybody was friendly. I liked the Biology class.The school was over that day.
We were walking slowly out of the school when she hold my hand. It was very
exciting. I wanted to look at the school again. I turned back. What? I saw was
dissappointing. I saw an older house like a deserted one. My camera was in my
bag. I took it out and took a photo of the building. The building was empty and
all of the students were lost. It was very strange.
After school,
Trinity wanted to meet with her friends. We went to an old and big house to
meet her friends. This big house was their meeting and playing place. There
were four people, two boys, two girls. Morpheus, Jack, Miranda, Monica were
their names.
Morpheus was a
coloured boy. He was tall. He was an athletic person. He had no hair because he
had shaved his head. It was shining when he moved. But I liked his clothes.
They were dark too. He was wearing a black T-shirt, black jeans and black
trainers.
Jack was tall too
but he was shorter than Morpheus. He wasnt a coloured boy. He was a thin
brunette one. He was good at computers. He had small pocket computer with him.
When he didnt talk, he was playing with it.
Miranda was a
blonde girl. She was as tall as me. She was wearing a white T-shirt and blue
jeans. She had a pet with her. It was a caretta-caretta turtle. It was very
cute.
Monica was a fat
girl but she had a beautiful face. She had a bag full of food and desserts.
When we were talking about each other, she was eating. She was repeating a
sentence after a few sentences it was:
“Im very hungry!
?
Trinitiy
suggested to play hide and seek. Everybody accepted. We began to hide ourselves
while Monica was waiting to look for us. I hid myself behind an old coach.
There was a strange smell there. It was stinking. I realised that we werent
alone. Small creatures were travelling around. I thought that they were mice
but one of them stopped near me. I could see it. It was very strange and it had
a funny appearence. It smiled but I scared. Five minutes later, I heard the
voice of Trinity. I stood up. I looked at her. She said,
“Where were you?
?,
“I was here. ? I
replied.
“We have been
looking for you for an hour. ?
“Strange! ? I
said.
When we stopped
playing, it was evening. We left the friends there. Trinity took me to her
house. It was a huge building. I thought that we were going into a church. The
ceiling was very high. There were lots of rooms. Trinity left me alone and she
went into a room to look for her parents. While she was there , I began to look
the pictures on the walls. There were lots of pictures of different and old
people. Their clothes were very colourful.
The houses outer
side was black painted. The inner side was in yellow colour. The wooden parts
of rooms were made of oak tree. The furniture was also made of oak tree.
Trinity called me
to get in that room. Her father and mother were with her. They were nice, good
looking people. We talked about ourselves. I only knew their names Charles and
Agatha. Again, I couldnt hear any surname. They said that I would find my
parents.
I liked this
town, I liked Trinity and hers friends. But I missed my parents and of course
my hometown. It might be a good place for my holidays.
I wanted to leave
this town. Trinity didnt want me to go. She said,
“You may stay
here. ? She went on speaking,
“But if you
decide to stay here, you cant go anywhere. ?
I got frightened.
I felt like a prisoner. I asked,
“Can you go
anywhere you like, Trinity? ?
“No, I cant ?
she said.
“Then this means
you have to live here all your life. ?
“Youre right. ?
She replied.
“But Why? ? I
asked.
“Dont ask why.
There are no answer. Just live this moment. Dont mind anything else youll be
all right. ?
These were her
last sentences. I behaved as she said.
After that day,
Trinity warned me about the leaving day. She said,
“Its time to go,
Alim. You have to go. ?
I nodded my head.
We walked to the exit of the town. She was smiling but her eyes were wet. I
felt a tear dropping from my face. I was to cry. I didnt ask any questions.
She didnt talk either. But her eyes said that I would find my parents. She
kissed me. I left her there. I began to walk. I didnt want to look back. I
walked about one kilometre. I stopped there. I felt sleepy. At that moment, a strange
wind began to blow. I could see nothing. I fell down. I heard a voice. Somebody
was saying.
“Alim, wake up! ?
I opened my eyes.
My mum was holding me. I saw my father too. There were lots of police cars
there. They were very happy. I wanted to stand on my feet. I looked back. I saw
a graveyard and the sing post of the graveyard. I ran towards there. The first
thing I saw was the name Trinity on a stone. I fainted.
Daily Pronunciation 93 – Pronunciation Practice For Non-native English Speakers
8-4 RELATIVE PRONOUNS AS THE OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION
Tanımlayacağımız isim, tanımlayan cümlede bir prepositionın nesnesi durumunda ise, bu preposition relative clauseda da kullanılır.
The man wasnt satisfied with the deal. I bought this car from him.
The man who I bought this car from wasnt satisfied with the deal. whom I bought this car from wasnt satisfied with the deal. that I bought this car from wasnt satisfied with the deal. 0 I bought this car from wasnt satisfied with the deal.
The case is very important. I have told you about it.
The case which I told you about is very important. that I told you about is very important. 0 / told you about is very important.
Tanımladığımız isme ait prepositionı, relative sözcüğünden önce kullanırsak, insanlar için sadece whom, nesneler için ise sadece which kullanılır.
The man from whom I bought this car wasnt satisfied with the deal. The case about which I told you is very important.
The girl is very messy. Im sharing the flat with her.
The girl who Im sharing the Uat with is very messy. whom Im sharing the Uat with is very messy. that Im sharing the Uat with is very messy. 0 Im sharing the Uat with is very messy.
The girl with whom Im sharing the Uat is very messy.
The chair doesnt look safe. You are sitting on It.
The chair which you are sitting on doesnt look safe. that you are sitting on doesnt look safe. 0 you are sitting on doesnt look safe.
The chair on which you are sitting doesnt look safe.
 |
Seviye : Advanced – İleri Düzey |
Konu : Conditionals
Conditional cümleler, örnekler, ve açıklamalar
| Örnekler | Kullanım |
| Conditional 0 If I am late, my father takes me to school. She doesnt worry if Jack stays out after school. | Bir şey olduğunda/gerçekleşteğinde her zaman doğru olan durumlarda. NOT Bu kullanım şekli when ile yapılan cümleciklere benzer ve çoğunlukla bununla birlikte kullanılır. (örnek: Geç kaldığımda babam beni okula götürür) |
| Conditional 1 If it rains, we will stay at home. He will arrive late unless he hurries up. Peter will buy a new car, if he gets his raise. | Çoğunlukla gerçek veya mümkün olan durumlardan bahsederken kullanıldığından real-gerçek conditional olarak ta adlandırılır. Bu durumlar belirli bir koşul yerine getirildiğinde gerçekleşir. NOT Conditional 1de genellikle şayet….değilse/olmazsa anlamına gelen unless(-medikçe,-madıkça) kulllanılır which means if … not. Diğer bir deyişle, …unless he hurries up(acele etmedikçe). , …if he doesnt hurry up.(acele etmezse) şeklinde de yazılabilir. Açıklama: unless cümleyi tek başına olumsuzlaştırır dolasıyla tekrardan eylemi olumsuz yapmanıza gerek yoktur. |
| Conditional 2 If he studied more, he would pass the exam. I would lower taxes if I were the President. They would buy a new house if they had more money. | Gerçek olmayan, mümkün olmayan veya muhtemel olmayan durumlardan bahsederken kullanılır. Örneğin Yüz milyon dolarım olsaydı…(ki yok) NOT to be eylemi, 2nd conditional formunda kullanıldığında, her zaman were olarak kullanılır. |
| Conditional 3 If he had known that, he would have decided differently. Jane would have found a new job if she had stayed in Boston. | Sıklıkla, hipotetik sonuçlardan bahseden geçmiş olaylardan bahsettiğinden, past conditional olarak da adlandırılır. |
| Yapı | ||
Conditional 0 = if cümleciği (present simple) + ve if cümleciğinin hemen arkasından virgül + sonuç cümleciği (present simple). Sonuç cümleciğini birinci sırada virgül koymadan kullanabilirsiniz. Aşağıdaki örnekleri inceleyiniz
|
||
Conditional 1 = if cümleciği (hemen arkasından virgül) + will + sonuç cümleciğinde verb (temel form go, come, see gibi). Sonuç cümleciğini birinci sırada virgül koymadan kullanabilirsiniz. Aşağıdaki örnekleri inceleyiniz
|
||
Conditional 2 = if cümleciği (past simple)+ would + verb (temel form) sonuç cümleciği. You can also put the result clause first without using a comma between the clauses. Sonuç cümleciğini birinci sırada virgül koymadan kullanabilirsiniz. Aşağıdaki örnekleri inceleyiniz
|
||
Conditional 3 = if cümleciği (past perfect tense) (hemen arkasından virgül) + would have + sonuç cümleciğinde past participle (verb 3) . You can also put the result clause first without using a comma between the clauses. Sonuç cümleciğini birinci sırada virgül koymadan kullanabilirsiniz. Aşağıdaki örnekleri inceleyiniz.
|
fuzzy marsupial is very muscular, quite lean, and is about 33 inches
long. It has a fuzzy coat of fur, big floppy ears, and almost no tail!
Its got a stubby little nose, small yellow, beady eyes, and strong
bones to support its heavy body while climbing trees. Now you may
wonder how much do those strong bones have to support? Well, the
females weigh between 13.2 and 24.2 lbs., while the male weigh between
17.6 and 30.8 lbs.The koala has rough paws that act as traction
so they dont slip and fall off the trees while hurrying away from
predators that lurk beneath the trees. Each paw has 5 digits. The back
paw consists of two fingers that are joined together to form a
grooming paw. These help it get rid of off twigs or tics
that may have gotten tangled in its thick fur. There are 3 other
fingers. Two of them are very sharp and those are used for climbing.
The last finger which takes the place of a human thumb is stubbed
there are no claw on it. Meanwhile, the front paw has 2 tiny fingers
that are substituted for 1 large thumb. It also has 3 normal fingers
that are very sharp. Just like their back paws, these are used for
climbing.The koala has thick fur that is used to help keep it
cool and at the same time warm. Their fur also acts like a rain
slicker, repelling moisture. The color of their fur changes from gray
to brown depending on the season. They have patches of white on their
neck, chest, and inside the ears, legs, and arms.The koala
usually mates during September-March. The female koalas start to mate
with the male koalas when theyre around 3 or 4 years old! They
sometimes only produce one offspring per year. It takes about 35 days
after the female koala conceives to birth a Joey (a baby koala bear).
When the Joeys born, it looks like a pink, hairless, jellybean, with
beady little eyes just like its parents. Get this Joeys cant see or
hear when theyre born. Thats probably because they dont even have
ears when theyre born! The babies are usually only 2 centimeters long
and weigh only 1 gram. During the first few months, the Joey stays in
its mothers pouch and sucks on something in its mothers nipple called
pap. Pap is very mushy, just like baby food. The Joey eats pap
until its 1 years old. Then the mother starts to feed it eucalyptus
leaves.Using its brown and gray fur, the koala can camouflage
itself so they can hide from predators. Dont you think that the koalas
might get hurt sitting on the sharp twigs, well they dont! Their
bottoms are padded with so much fur, that they can sit on pointy
branches and not get hurt! The koalas thick, fuzzy fur keeps them warm,
but not too warm. Their sharp claws dig into the trees so that they
dont fall off.Even with their tiny noses, koalas have an
excellent sense of smell. They can detect the poisonous leaves, just by
sniffing them!The koala doesnt have that diverse of a diet.
The only thing they eat are eucalyptus leaves. The eucalyptus leaf is
quite poisonous to other animals, but the koalas digestive system is
immune to it. The only thing is, if they eat more than 3 lbs. of leaves
a day, theyll get indigestion.The koala is killed by foxes, dogs, dingoes, and most of all, humans and forest fires.The
koala bear used to be endangered, but there are now laws in Australia
that forbid you to hunt koalas, especially just for their fur, which is
what most people kill them for. Hundreds of koalas die because they
have life threatening diseases. Their biggest threat now are slow
moving forest fires. There are many organizations around the worldjust
for saving the koalas. Nina B. 2001.——————————————————————————– bibliography:Koala, The Encyclopedia Britannica 1980 ed. (October 2000).Australian Koala Foundation, http://www.akfkoala.gil.com.au/physic.html (October 2000).Koalas Koala http://aaa.com.au/koala.shtml (October 2000).——————————————————————————–
recognizable animals, is rapidly disappearing throughout much of its
range because of the destruction of the woodlands and forests in which
it lives. Found in the scattered dry eucalyptus forests of Eastern
Australia, the koala eats only a small variety of the hundreds of
eucalyptus species, and needs large areas of woodland to forage in.European
settlers arriving in the early 1800s, cleared the forests to build
homes, farms, and towns. As the koala was pushed out of its habitat,
its populations became scattered or died out. Only 20% of the original
koala habitat remains today. They were also extensively hunted
for their soft, gray fur. As late as the 1920s more than 2 million
koala skins were exported to Europe and the U.S. a year. The koala had
to be reintroduced to South Australia from Victoria after the fur trade
wiped out the local population.Today habitat destruction poses
the greatest threat to the koala bear. Legislation has been passed to
protect the koala, but local governments are often unable to enforce
the laws successfully. Also, as settlements spread, the danger of
forest fires increases. Fires can wipe out 70% of the koalas in an
affected area, from which their population seldom recovers.Roads
fragment their habitats and many koalas are killed by cars as they
search for new territories. Introduced animals such as foxes, and
domestic dogs also account for many deaths. Isolated populations of
koalas become succeptable to inbreeding and disease. Fewer than 50,000
koalas are left in the wildToday the koala bears survival
depends on the government of Australia to work with conservationists,
communities and businesses. There are several organizations which are
already providing a lot of information on koalas. The Australian Koala
Foundation is educating Australians about the plight of the koala, and
the Koala Habitat Atlas, a part of the Australian Koala Foundation, is
identifying and assesing remaining koala habitat. Nature reserves are
now including larger koala habitats. Public awareness of the plight of
the koala is very important to its survival. International recognition
of the problem by the IUCN is also helping put pressure on the
government and developers. Tourists coming to see the koala are
bringing over a billion dollars into Australia.——————————————————————————– bibliography:Koala Foundation, http://www.savethekoala.com/, (May 2001).Australian Koala Foundation, http://www.savethekoala.com/khamed.html, (May 2001).Saving the Koala. Wildlife Explorer. USA: Intermational Masters Publishers. 1998.
